HINDU WOMAN IN THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF RELIGION APPROACH
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25078/vidyottama.v6i1.801Keywords:
Hindu woman, Holy Scripture, Anthropology of Religion.Abstract
The background of this research takes a different position with many writings discussing Hindu women who are generally said to be marginal and alienated from their cultural structure and social system. Even if it is associated with customs and culture, one of them is through the patrilineal system as it applies in Bali, they are considered to have no contribution at all. Another theme that is also often found in many types of research is the ambivalent attitude that worships Hindu women while at the same time degrading them, especially concerning women's bodies. There are not many writers who re-discuss this theme from the anthropology of religion or religious anthropology which views women in the scriptures not only as a theological and divine dimension but also as an open space for how women can see themselves and act in their culture. Through qualitative research methods using the perspective of religious anthropology based primarily on Hindu scriptures, this study found in-depth interviews and participatory observations and anthropological perspectives of religion enriched with literature studies in the form of holy scriptures, this study found so many important roles of Hindu women who not many people know. The negative stigma about women, the natural-cultural dichotomy, and those who consider Hindu women to be sub-ordinate can only be enlightened through this research.
References
Sadnyini, Ida Ayu. Dinamika Hukum Adat Dalam Perkawinan Asupundung di Bali. Tesis. Denpasar: Program Pascasarjana Univ. Udayana, 2009.
Atmaja, Jiwa. Bias Gender Perkawinan Terlarang Pada Masyarakat Bali. Denpasar: Udayana University Press, 2008.
Budiana, I Nyoman. Perkawinan Beda Wangsa dalam Masyarakat Bali. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2009.
Rusmini, Oka. Tarian Bumi, Sebuah Novel. Indonesia Tera, 2000.
Rusmini, Oka. Patiwangi. Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya, 2005.
Darmawan, I Made Iwan. Ayu Manda. Jakarta: Grasindo, 2010.
Darmayanti, Ida Ayu Made, “Seksualitas Perempuan Bali dalam Hegemoni Kasta: Kajian Kritik Sastra Feminis pada Dua Novel Karangan Oka Rusmini”. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora. Vol. 3, No. 2, Oktober 2014, pp. 484-494.
Dewi, Ketut Linda Wati, Hermi Yanzi, Yunisca Nurmalisa, “Pengaruh Sistem Patrilineal terhadap Kesetaraan Gender dalam Masyarakat Bali di Desa Trimulyo”. s.d., n.d.
Arjani, Ni Luh. “Perempuan dan Kemiskinan di Bali” dalam IBG Pujaastawa (ed), Wacana Antropologi. Denpasar: Jurusan Antropologi Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Udayana, 2006.
S, Dian Febrintina, Sudarmi, Yarmaidi, “Studi tentang Kedudukan Anak Perempuan dalam Sistem Pewarisan Adat di Bali”. s.d., n.d.
Dangin, Ni Luh Gede Isa Praresti, Koesno Adi, Iwan Permadi, “Kedudukan Hak Mewaris Wanita Hindu dalam Sistem Hukum Adat Waris di Bali”. Jurnal Program Studi Magister Kenotariatan Pascasarjana Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 2015.
Udytama, I Wayan Wahyu Wira, “Status Laki-Laki dan Pewarisan dalam Perkawinan Nyentana”. Jurnal Advokasi. Vol. 5 No.1 Maret 2015, pp. 73-88.
Asmarajaya, I Made, “Sistem Kekerabatan Kepurusa di Bali”. s.d., n.d.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984.
Darwin, Muhadjir dan Tukiran (ed). Menggugat Budaya Patriarkhi. Yogyakarta: Ford Foundation dan Pusat Penelitian Kependudukan UGM, 2001.
Arniati, Ida Ayu Komang. Pandangan Gender pada Smerti dalam Perkembangan Modern. Surabaya: Paramita, 2008.
Moore, Henrietta L. Feminisme dan Antropologi. Translated from Feminism and Anthropology by Tim Proyek Studi Jender dan Pembangunan FISIP UI. Jakarta: Obor, 1998.
Wiasti, Ni Made. “Budaya Patriarki dan Posisi Tawar Perempuan” dalam IBG Pujaastawa (ed). Wacana Antropologi. Denpasar: Jurusan Antropologi Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Udayana, 2006.
Astiti, Tjok Istri Putra. “Perempuan Bali: Jalan Berliku Menuju Politik Praktis” dalam I Nyoman Darma Putra (ed). Bali Menuju Jagaditha: Aneka Perspektif. Denpasar: Pustaka Bali Post, 2004.
Krisnalita, Louisa Yesami, “Perempuan, Ham dan Permasalahannya di Indonesia”. Binamulia Hukum. Vol. 7. No. 1, Juli 2018, pp. 71-81.
Sihite, Romany, “Kekerasan Negara Terhadap Perempuan”. Jurnal Kriminologi Indonesia. Vol. 3 No. I Juli 2003, pp. 33-42.
Putra, I Nyoman Dharma. Wanita Bali Tempo Doeloe, Perspektif Masa Kini. Denpasar: Pustaka Larasan, 2007.
Suryani, Luh Ketut. Perempuan Bali Kini. Denpasar: Penerbit BP, 2003.
Segara, I Nyoman Yoga. “Balinese Hindu Women” on 1st Annual Internatioal Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities (AICOSH 2019). Published by Atlantis Press, pp. 170-174.
Segara, I Nyoman Yoga. “Tubuh Perempuan Hindu” dan Budaya Dominan di Bali: Antara Perspektif Agama, Budaya dan Realitas Kontemporer”. Penamas. Nomor 1, Januari-Juni 2018. pp.13-28.
Segara, I Nyoman Yoga. “Wanita Hindu: dulu, kini dan esok”. Majalah Warta Hindu Dharma. No. 406 Desember 2000.
Ahuja, M.L. Para Guru Spiritual India Abad ke Sembilan Belas. Translated from India Spritual Gurus Nineteenth Century by I Wayan Punia. Surabaya: Paramita, 2008.
Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. London: Allen-Unwin, 1972 (1879).
Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Turner, Terence. “Social and Embodied Subject: Bodiliness, Subjectivity, and Sociality Among the Kayapo” on Cultural Anthropology 10 (2): 143-170.
Kinsley, David. Hindu Goddesses. Visiono f the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religions Tradition. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1987.
Mittal, Mahendra. Ibu Durga. Ibu Suci (Kekuatan dan Keajaiban). Surabaya: Paramita.
Gupta, Sanjukta. “Women in the Saiva/Sakta Ethos” on Julia Leslie (ed). Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1992.
Subramanian, V.K. Saudaryalahari of Sankaracarya. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2006.
Kinsley, David. Tantric Vision of the Divine Feminine. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, 2016.
