SUMBER KEJAHATAN DAN PENDERITAAN DALAM WACANA FILSAFAT AGAMA DAN KRITIK ATAS ARGUMEN TEODISE PERSPEKTIF IMMANUEL KANT

Abstract

This research discusses the source of evil and suffering in the context of religious philosophy discourse as well as criticism of theodicy arguments from the perspective of Immanuel Kant. In the philosophy of religion, the problematics of evil and suffering pose a challenge to the existence of an all-good, all-powerful and all-knowing God. The theodicy tradition attempts to maintain the coherence of divine attributes with the existence of evil, but often faces various criticisms. This research focuses on Kant's approach to this issue, which rejects the conventional concept of theodicy and shifts the debate from the justification of God to the dimension of human morality. Through a qualitative research method with a philosophical hermeneutic approach, the results in this study show that Immanuel Kant rejected traditional attempts to justify God in the face of evil and suffering, arguing that the theodicy argument fails morally and epistemologically. Instead, Kant proposed that humans should direct their attention to moral obligations and ethical responsibilities to overcome suffering and evil. Kant argued that the human capacity to choose between good and evil is fundamental to the understanding of evil, and that evil is a consequence of the abuse of human moral freedom. In addition, Kant asserted that belief in God should be based on practical morality rather than the speculative evidence often used in theodicy arguments. Kant therefore shifts the focus from a theoretical defence of evil to a practical and ethical approach, which encourages humans to improve the condition of the world through moral action.