International Journal of Social Studies

A Literary and Comparative Study of the Ramayana

2025-08-08T15:34:16+08:00

The Ramayana, one of the most revered epics of ancient India, continues to hold immense literary, cultural, and philosophical significance across centuries. This research undertakes a literary and comparative study of the Ramayana by analyzing its narrative structure, character development, thematic depth, and stylistic elements across different versions and regional adaptations. The study explores the Valmiki Ramayana as the classical Sanskrit source text and compares it with its various reinterpretations such as Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas, Kamban’s Ramavataram, and other folk and modern retellings from South and Southeast Asia. This comparative analysis highlights the variations in cultural values, narrative focus, and moral interpretations, while also emphasizing the common thematic core centered on dharma (duty), devotion, sacrifice, and the conflict between good and evil. Through this literary lens, the study examines how different societies and traditions have reimagined the Ramayana to reflect their unique historical, ethical, and religious perspectives.

A PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY OF SRIRAMCHARITMANAS VIA KIERKEGAARD’S EXISTENTIALISM

2025-08-08T15:38:13+08:00

Philosophy, as B. Charles Henry articulates, serves as a bridge between historical foundations, contextual relevance, and contemporary reality, offering profound insights into human expectations and outcomes. It shapes moral judgment, rational discourse, and the pursuit of knowledge in meaningful ways (Henry, p. 593). This research paper applies this philosophical perspective to Tulsidas’s Sri Ramcharitmanas, analyzing its continued relevance in the modern world. The text, deeply rooted in the Bhakti tradition, offers insights into human perseverance, faith, and the struggle between spiritual surrender and existential challenges. A central theme explored in this paper is the human tendency to experience fatigue, despair, and the possibility of giving up, particularly in the face of adversity. This theme is examined through the lens of Bhakti (devotional surrender) and the existential philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard. By employing Kierkegaard’s theory of subjectivity, this study investigates how the dilemmas presented in Sri Ramcharitmanas mirror modern existential concerns—such as the search for meaning, personal responsibility, and the balance between faith and free will.Moreover, the paper delves into the duality of the doha (couplets) in Sri Ramcharitmanas and their philosophical implications in today’s world. The juxtaposition of devotion (bhakti) and personal struggle within these verses resonates with contemporary existential thought. To further substantiate these ideas, the research incorporates Indian philosophical aesthetics, exploring how Tulsidas employs poetic and narrative techniques to convey deeper truths about human existence. Through this interdisciplinary approach, the paper highlights how Sri Ramcharitmanas is not just a religious scripture but also a profound philosophical text that continues to offer guidance on existential and spiritual dilemmas in the modern era.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE KAKAWIN RAMAYANA VALUE IN THE NGABEN CEREMONY IN BALI

2025-08-08T15:43:21+08:00

Ramayana in the Weda is part of the Weda Smrti, precisely part of Itihasa. The presence of Ramayana as a foundation in carrying out life has been implemented in ceremonies, one of which is the ngaben ceremony. Ramayana for Balinese Hindus is known in the form of kakawin, namely poetry containing wirama with guru and laghu. At the ngaben ceremony in the mabebasan tradition, there will be someone singing the kakawin Ramayana at the funeral home. When bathing the body of a series of ngaben ceremonies, there will be someone singing it in the wirama Wangsastha/Swandewi (Sargah XXIV p.486). The values contained in the Kakawin Ramayana such as the values of dharma, bhakti, moksa should be used as a guide in life in this world. Therefore, in living life, dharma should guide every step, including realizing an attitude of devotion to God and fellow human beings. Thus, the Kakawin Ramayana provides guidance to Hindus in this life.

INFLUENCE OF RAMAYANA ON EATING HABITS AMONG INDIANS

2025-08-08T15:47:59+08:00

The Ramayana, an epic deeply embedded in Indian culture, significantly influences the eating habits of many Indians. This epic narrates the story of Lord Rama, who is often depicted as upholding a sattvic diet, believed to promote purity and serenity. Sattvic food includes vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and dairy products, aligning with the principles of Ayurveda that recommend such a diet for mental and physical well-being. Many Indian households follow these dietary norms, especially during religious festivals and rituals. Vegetarianism, prevalent among various Indian communities, also finds roots in the Ramayana, reinforcing ideals of non-violence and respect for all living beings. It’s a reflection of Lord Rama's own dietary choices during his exile, where he subsisted on fruits and roots. Festivals like Diwali and Navratri, inspired by the Ramayana's significant events, see a rise in the consumption of traditional foods that align with Lord Rama's diet. For instance, foods like kheer, puri, and simple vegetable curries are prepared, mimicking the simplicity of meals during Rama’s time. Thus, the Ramayana not only serves as a spiritual guide but also subtly shapes dietary choices, encouraging a lifestyle that blends spiritual and physical nourishment.

INFLUENCES OF RAMAYANA ON RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL PRACTICES IN INDIAN SOCIETY

2025-08-08T15:51:46+08:00

The Ramayana is a revered epic in Indian literature that has profoundly influenced the religious and spiritual fabric of Indian society for centuries. This research paper delves into the various ways the Ramayana affects religious rituals, devotional practices, and spiritual beliefs across diverse regions of India. It also explores the epic's subtle influences on traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism. By synthesizing historical texts, ethnographic studies, and contemporary religious practices, this study seeks to elucidate the Ramayana’s significance as both a literary masterpiece and an essential spiritual guide. It plays a crucial role in shaping moral values, influencing worship patterns, and cultivating community identity. This research aims to deepen the understanding of the epic's enduring legacy and its impact on collective spirituality in India.

MYTHOS AND ADAPTATION: THE RĀMĀYAṆA'S JOURNEY TO THE RAMAKIEN

2025-08-08T16:00:09+08:00

A timeless Indian epic, the Rāmāyaṇa evolved into diverse localised forms throughout Southeast Asia, transcending cultural and geographic boundaries. The Ramakien of Thailand stands out among them as a striking example of the epic's versatility and timeless appeal. The primary focus of this study, "Mythos and Adaptation: The Rāmāyaṇa's Journey to the Ramakien," explores the gradual alterations that occurred as the Rāmāyaṇa transitioned from its Indian roots to its Thai version. This study aims to shed light on how the Rāmāyaṇa was amended to reflect Thai customs while retaining its key concepts by analysing the narrative, thematic, and character transformations. The research emphasises how the Ramakien's unique identity was influenced by Thai social, spiritual, and creative abilities. For example, the character Rama in the Ramakien represents Buddhist ideas, unlike his representation in the Rāmāyaṇa. The roles of well-known characters like Sita and Hanuman are also altered, giving the well-known story new depth. Using a comparative literary study, this research highlights how the Ramakien serves as a development and reimagination of the Rāmāyaṇa. The study illustrates how, within the vast global network of cultural transmission, masterpieces like the Rāmāyaṇa evolve as they traverse national boundaries. This paper also demonstrates how inventive civilisations may recreate universal ideas for cultural continuity and change to coexist.

NĪTI IN MOTION: FEMINIST ETHICS AND MORAL DIPLOMACY IN THE RAMCHARIT MANAS

2025-08-08T16:03:20+08:00

This paper explores nīti in motion—a feminist and decolonial reading of nīti as a dynamic ethic of moral diplomacy, as portrayed in the Sundarkāṇḍ of the Rāmcharitmanas. Rather than viewing nīti as a static code, the study foregrounds its context-sensitive application in moments of ethical tension, embodied by figures like Hanumān, Mandodarī, and Vibhīṣaṇa. Through close readings of key episodes—the encounter with Maināk Parvat, Mandodarī’s counsel to Rāvaṇa, Vibhīṣaṇa’s moral dissent, the prayerful sea crossing, and humane treatment of envoys—the paper uncovers an Indic framework of ethical statecraft.

Juxtaposing these narratives with feminist international relations and contemporary diplomacy, the paper demonstrates how the Rāmcharitmanas articulates a model rooted in care, restraint, and accountability. The Sundarkāṇḍ challenges masculinist notions of sovereignty by elevating emotional intelligence, truthfulness, and moral courage as political virtues. Combining textual analysis with ethical reflection, the study asks: How do these characters model relational diplomacy? What insights do they offer for feminist international thought? Ultimately, nīti in motion emerges as a transformative praxis that reimagines diplomacy through indigenous ethics, feminist care, and dialogical engagement—offering timely lessons for global politics today.

RAMA'S LEADERSHIP BETWEEN MORAL DILEMMA AND PREJUDICE

2025-08-08T16:06:44+08:00

This paper examines the leadership of Shri Rama in the Ramayana epic through the perspective of morality and social prejudice. The author uses the method of textual study and the approach of literary hermeneutics, to reveal the various moral dilemmas faced by Rama and the prejudices that arise against his decisions as a leader. Although viewed as an ideal leader (Rajaṛṣi), Rama's decisions in dealing with conflicts between personal, professional, and social obligations invite controversy and ethical debate. Some of the main events analyzed include his refusal to return to Ayodhya, the exile of pregnant Sita, and the banishment of Lakshmana. This paper highlights the importance of integrity, consistency to dharma, and justice in leadership, while showing that being a true leader often means making difficult decisions that are not always popular, but are based on deep ethical and moral considerations.

Ramayana for the Millennial Generation

2025-08-08T16:10:25+08:00

This study originates from the issue of how Ramayana, as a classical epic, remains relevant and understood by the millennial generation living in the digital era and an ever-evolving culture. Changes in information consumption patterns and the increasing critical awareness of young generations regarding social issues, including gender equality and moral justice, pose challenges in preserving the traditional values of this epic. This research employs a qualitative approach using virtual ethnography methods to analyze how millennials access, comprehend, and interpret Ramayana within the context of modern life. The findings reveal that adaptations of Ramayana in popular media such as animated films, graphic novels, web series, and interactive games play a significant role in introducing the epic to young audiences in a more engaging and comprehensible manner. Additionally, many millennials are more interested in the philosophical and spiritual aspects of Ramayana, particularly the concepts of dharma and karma, which are considered relevant in facing moral dilemmas and decision-making in the modern era. However, this study also identifies criticisms regarding morality and gender roles in Ramayana, especially concerning the treatment of female characters like Sita. Discussions within digital communities play a crucial role in shaping new understandings and enabling reinterpretations of the story to align with social justice principles. Thus, this study asserts that Ramayana is not merely a static cultural heritage but continues to evolve through adaptation and reinterpretation, ensuring its relevance for the millennial generation.

RAMLILA TRADITION AND RAM IN EVERY HEART: A LIVING HERITAGE OF INDIAN CULTURE

2025-08-08T16:14:05+08:00

Ramlila, the theatrical enactment of the Ramayana, represents one of the most profound and dynamic expressions of India's cultural and spiritual legacy. As a community-centered performance tradition, it serves as both religious devotion and social pedagogy. This paper explores the origins, diverse forms, and evolving cultural role of Ramlila, focusing in particular on iconic performances such as those in Ramnagar (Kashi), Ayodhya, Bissau (Rajasthan), Aishbagh Lucknow, and Delhi. Drawing upon historical records, ethnographic insights, and UNESCO recognitions, the paper discusses Ramlila as an intangible cultural heritage that continues to shape identity, morality, and unity. Special attention is given to the character of Ram as Maryada Purushottam and his symbolic presence in the hearts of devotees, across India and Southeast Asia. By blending scholarly analysis with data from Hindi-language fieldwork and regional sources, this study reaffirms Ramlila's relevance in a rapidly globalizing world.

REINTERPRETING IDEAL CHARACTERS FROM BHAVABHUTI'S UTTARA RAMACHARITA IN THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT

2025-08-08T16:19:00+08:00

The play "Uttar Ramacharita" written by Mahakavi Bhavabhuti depicts the sequel of Ramayana, which includes the events after the coronation of Rama, Sita's exile, the birth of Luv-Kush and the reunion of Rama-Sita. The characters of this play are not only of mythological importance, but their qualities and thoughts inspire even in today's society.

Shri Rama is a symbol of ideal leadership and justice, he sacrifices his personal pleasures for the welfare of the people and takes difficult decisions to protect justice. In today's time, Rama's character teaches us that a true leader should rise above his personal interest and work for the welfare of the society and the nation. Mother Sita is a symbol of womanly respect and tolerance. Sita has to suffer exile due to the suspicion of society, but she maintains patience and self-respect. She raises Luv-Kush by becoming self-reliant. In today's time, Sita's character gives us the identity of a strong woman with self-respect and self-reliance.

SANG DAŚARATHA AS A ROLE MODEL OF THE HINDU’S IDEAL LEADERSHIP (Textual Analysis of Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa Sargah I Pada 3)

2025-08-08T16:24:58+08:00

The Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa itself is an Old Javanese literary work adapted from the Sanskrit epic Rāmāyaṇa by Valmiki. This work not only serves as entertainment but also as a source of moral and ethical teachings for the Old Javanese society. In the Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa, the character of Sang Daśaratha is described in depth, especially in Sargah (chapter) I Pada (stanza) 3. This research focuses on the effort to elaborate in detail the leadership patterns of Sang Daśaratha using a qualitative research method with a textual analysis approach. In the process, several results were obtained: a Hindu leader who applies the ideal leadership principles in Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa Sargah I Pada 3 must be oriented towards a typical leader who understands the concept of the Vedic teachings. This can be explored through fundamental principles that include dharma, sattva, karma, self-knowledge and awareness, vasudhaiva kutumbakam, integrity and ethical leadership, as well as interconnectedness and holistic vision. It is also important for a Hindu leader to always devote themselves to the Gods. In the principles shown in Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa Sargah I Pada 3, at least three deities are shown to be central entities that must be worshiped, namely Lord Brahma, Lord Vishnu, and Lord Shiva, as well as Lord Agni. In addition, a leader must also have a soul of love for their family and people and never forget their ancestors, because all of that is a source of strength and inspiration.

Keyword: Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa, Leadership, Sang Daśaratha

Sociological Analysis of Family through the Lense of Ramayana

2025-08-08T16:31:39+08:00

This research article examines the concept of family in Valmiki’s Ramayana, focusing on its cultural, moral, and social importance. The study uses qualitative textual analysis along with sociological theories such as role theory, symbolic interactionism, and functionalism to look at family duty, gender roles, sibling connections, emotional work, and the passing down of values. By analysing key characters and events, including Rama’s exile, Sita’s moral choices, Lakshmana’s loyalty, and Bharata’s renunciation, the article shows that the Ramayana presents family not as a fixed ideal but as a complex moral institution based on dharma (duty) and resilience. It also explores how women contribute to and challenge family structures and highlights the concept of extended and chosen families beyond biological ties. The findings suggest that the epic offers timeless lessons on sacrifice, forgiveness, and ethical decision-making that are still relevant to today’s family issues. The study concludes that the Ramayana, while grounded in tradition, provides a dynamic and thoughtful view of family life, one that continues to spark discussions across generations and cultures.