FROM WEAPONS TO VEHICLES: THE TRANSFORMATION OF TUMPEK LANDEP RITUAL AS DEVOTION TO SANG HYANG PASUPATI IN CONTEMPORARY BALINESE HINDU PRACTICES

Abstract

Tumpek Landep, a sacred day in the Balinese Hindu ritual calendar, is a day of devotion to Sang Hyang Pasupati, the divine manifestation of Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa as the source of spiritual energy and empowerment for all sharp and technological tools. Historically, Tumpek Landep was centered on sacred heirlooms made of iron and metal, such as kris and spears, which were understood as instruments channeling divine energy. Over time, the ritual has transformed, particularly in modern Bali, where the blessings now extend to vehicles and machinery. This article examines this theological and cultural transformation in Karangasem, Bali, showing how devotion to Sang Hyang Pasupati continues to underlie the ritual even as its material expressions evolve. Employing qualitative descriptive methods, this study integrates observation, interviews with priests and community members, and analysis of textual and oral sources. Findings reveal that Tumpek Landep remains a ritual of purification (melaspas) and empowerment (ngurip) through which Balinese Hindus reaffirm their relationship with Sang Hyang Pasupati, expressing gratitude and devotion for divine energy that animates both traditional and modern tools.